What is a Clinical Trial?

Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to improve care for serious illnesses. For many families, the terms “clinical trial” or “clinical research” may be unfamiliar or overwhelming. In this episode of Caregivers SHARE, listeners will learn what clinical trials are, how they work, and how they differ from standard medical care.

Host Clay Culp, LCSW, is joined by Seth Karol, MD, and caregiver Carina Richardson for a clear conversation about what families need to know when considering a clinical trial. Seth explains the different types and phases of clinical trials, what families can expect during the process, and the safety measures in place to protect children who participate. Clay addresses the emotional aspects of enrolling a child in a trial. Carina asks the questions many parents have as they work to make informed decisions about their child’s care.

A special thank you to Clay Culp, social work manager at St. Jude; Seth Karol, a St. Jude doctor who specializes in leukemia and lymphoma; and parent Carina Richardson.

This episode was recorded on March 5, 2026.

Learn more about Carina’s son Nolan’s diagnosis of medulloblastoma on Together by St. Jude™ and St. Jude Care & Treatment.

Find additional information about clinical trials on Together by St. Jude™ and St. Jude Care & Treatment.

This discussion is meant to provide a general overview. Information may vary depending on your child’s diagnosis, age, health history, and the type of clinical trial. Always talk with your child’s care team for details specific to your child.

St. Jude does not endorse any branded product or organization mentioned in this podcast.

Episode Transcript

Narrator (00:02) 
A child's diagnosis of cancer or another serious disease is difficult. Families, guardians, and loved ones experience a range of emotions and often need support related to their child's diagnosis and treatment. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital brings you Caregivers SHARE, a St. Jude podcast. Share stands for support, honor, advise, reflect, encourage. In this series, you'll hear stories and insights directly from the experiences of St. Jude families and care providers. 

Clay Culp, LCSW (00:37) 
Hi, I'm Clay Culp, Social Work Manager at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Clinical trials are research studies that advance care for serious illnesses. For some families, the terms clinical trial or clinical research may be unfamiliar. In this episode of Caregivers SHARE, we will clarify what a clinical trial is and how it works to empower families to make informed decisions about their child's care.  

This discussion is meant to be a general overview. Some of what we talk about will depend on your child's age, diagnosis, and health history, as well as the type of trial. Be sure to ask your care team for specific questions related to your child's care.  

This episode will be a little different than our usual format. We'll have Dr. Seth Karol, a physician, in our caregiver role. I'll be joined by a parent, Carina Richardson, to help me with this interview process. In episode two of this two-part series, we'll focus more on Carina's perspective as the parent of a child on a clinical trial.  

Dr. Karol, could you introduce yourself and tell us a little bit about what makes this topic so important? 

Seth Karol, MD (01:46) 
So my name is Seth Karol, and I'm a leukemia lymphoma oncologist. That means I take care of children and their families going through a diagnosis of blood cancer. And not only do I get to care for them, but I develop and run clinical trials for children with forms of blood cancer. And the reason I think this is so important is that clinical research and clinical trials are really how we push the field forward. I mean, that's how we make sure that the treatments that we have to offer today are better than the ones we had before. And even more importantly, that the treatments that we'll have in five years from now can be better than what we have today. 

Clay (02:18) 
Thank you for being here. And Carina, could you introduce yourself and tell us a little bit about your journey? 

Carina Richardson (02:25) 
Yes. Thank you, Clay. My name is Carina Richardson. And when our youngest child, Nolan, was eight and a half years old, he began experiencing recurrent vomiting, as well as some sporadic headaches that were unexplained over the course of three weeks or so. At that point, my husband requested an MRI. And much to our shock and surprise, this test found a golf ball-sized tumor in the lower portion of Nolan's brain, and that was explaining his symptoms.  

We quickly connected with a neurosurgeon in our state, and following surgery, the diagnosis was confirmed as a medulloblastoma, which is a very quick-growing and aggressive form of brain cancer. We were devastated, of course, and suddenly our happy, funny, active eight-year-old went from running around on a soccer field to being critically ill. And we were faced with some very big decisions about treatment, including standard treatment, as well as a clinical trial that was available at that time. 

Clay (03:53) 
And how's Nolan doing today? 

Carina (03:55) 
He is 18 years old. He is cancer-free, and he is about to graduate from high school. So I would say he's doing really well. 

Clay (04:04) 
I'd say so. Congrats to Nolan on his graduation. 

Carina (04:08) 
Thank you. 

Clay (04:08) 
And thank you for being here. So, Seth, what is a clinical trial and why is it important? 

Seth (04:16) 
Yeah, so a clinical trial is, again, a form of research that we do with patients in the healthcare system, broadly. And what that means is we create a system or what we call a protocol, which is just a list of things that you do similarly or the same for everyone who is on that trial. And clinical trials can take sort of two broad groups or two broad categories. One of those is what we call observational, which is the idea that we are just sort of seeing what is happening. We may draw blood work or ask survey questions or things like that to really understand the experience of someone with a health issue. And then the other is what we call an interventional trial, and that's where we do something. And that can mean taking our usual medicines or our standard of care and giving them at slightly different doses or on different days or what we call a different schedule. Or it can mean adding a new medicine where we take a medicine that's not usually part of our standard of care and offering that to patients that are taking part in the trial. 

Clay (05:13) 
Okay. What about phases? People hear that a lot. What are the different phases? 

Seth (05:19) 
Yeah. So we typically think of most clinical trials as taking part in one of three phases. And so a phase one trial is the earliest part of, let's say, for example, a medicine's development. And what that means is we're trying to find the right dose that is right for the patient. And for kids, that typically means that adult trials have happened. So a drug has figured out the right dose for the adult, but kids aren't little adults. Not only are they smaller, but their bodies just work differently. And so, we'll do a phase one trial in children where we take that adult dose, sort of modify it down to the size for children, and then see whether that dose is relatively safe or safe in that group of patients.  

And then we hope we also see signs that that medicine is really helping some of the kids on that trial. And if that's true, then we'll go forward to something called phase two. And phase two is where we take a medicine and we use it in a relatively small number of children. And we try to both understand more about the safety of the medicine, but then also see signs that the medicine is helping that child with whatever the medical problem is. And so for my patients, that's helping their leukemia.  

And then if we see signs that the medicine is really helpful in phase two, then we want to compare it to our standard medicines. And that's what a phase three trial is. A phase three trial is typically what we call randomized, meaning that a computer does sort of a virtual coin flip and half of the kids get some standard therapy and half of them get the standard therapy often with this extra medicine or extra treatment. And the idea behind a phase three trial is to really prove that the addition of this new medicine is better than our standard treatments. 

Clay (06:55) 
This is really helpful to have this broken down. So, to put a fine point on it, if we think about standard care and a clinical trial, what's the key distinction there? What should people keep in mind, standard care versus clinical trial? 

Seth (07:11) 
So standard care is really the best medicine that we know how to use right now. And so that's very often medicines that we've been using for decades, sometimes with little tweaks along the way, but really an evolution of our standard medicines. Sometimes the standard of care changes quickly. So a new medicine becomes available and we learn that that's helpful and that rapidly becomes part of our standard. But how that differs from a clinical trial is that a clinical trial is usually changing that in some way and changing it for all the patients that are part of a trial. And so as doctors, we always have to make little changes to everyone's care because every child is different and their experiences that they go through a treatment might be different. But when we make that change consistently for everyone, that becomes a clinical trial. 

Clay (07:53) 
Okay. Thank you so much for helping us get on the same page. Now I want to bring in Carina. To really emphasize this caregiver perspective and have you join me in asking some questions to Dr. Karol. 

Carina (08:06) 
Yes. Thank you, Dr. Karol. A lot of caregivers hear the word clinical trial and they worry. Why might a care team bring up a clinical trial? 

Seth (08:18) 
Thank you for that question. I think it's a common worry for families when we start to talk about clinical trials. We will bring up the idea of trials or a clinical trial for a patient and their family for any of a variety of reasons. I think as we think through those three stages of trials we talked about a moment ago, when we're talking about phase one trials or those earlier phase trials, we're typically offering those for patients where there's not a standard medicine that we think is really going to work well for them. And so we think that a newer medicine, we hope, will have the opportunity to benefit that patient. And that's true for many patients going to phase two trials as well.  

And then there are other times where we've got a medicine that seems to be very encouraging in a small group of patients, but we really hope that it can benefit a much larger group. And then we may be offering trials to help understand which patients may benefit from a new medicine or a new therapy. Or we may just want to understand better what the experience of a patient is or learn more about the biology, the sort of details of either that patient or that disease. And so we may want them to be part of a trial so that we can gather samples or... gather questionnaires or really just learn more about what that experience is or why something is working well for some people and not as well for others. 

Clay (09:31) 
I'm so glad you said that about how it can be different reasons, because I imagine as a caregiver, your mind is racing, you're jumping to conclusions in some cases, but you're highlighting how it's important not to, to really communicate and talk to your care team and maybe even ask, if it's not clear, why are you recommending or offering this clinical trial as an option for my child specifically. 

Seth (09:55) 
I think that's exactly right. And I think what's really helpful about having those kind of conversations is that it will help you understand how that clinical trial might be different than what your child would give with the standard care or why they think that trial might be helpful. And so it may be that they're worried that the standard treatment is not going to be very helpful or effective for your child. It may be that they think that the standard treatment might work very well, but it's possible some other treatment might work better or might have fewer side effects. And so those are all potential reasons that they would come to you with a trial. And really understanding where your child fits in their mind in terms of how that standard therapy might help them or what's going to be different about that trial will really help you guide through that conversation about what the trial is. And then also really just understand more about this new diagnosis or new problem that your child may be facing. 

Clay (10:51) 
Thank you. 

Carina (10:51) 
On the flip side, if a family finds a trial, how can they bring up the option of joining a trial with their physician? 

Seth (11:02) 
So I think whenever we are talking to families about their treatment options, we want to really try to offer a menu of choices. And I think I always value when families have an idea in mind that they have researched in one place or another. And so I think just building that into the conversation when they're talking about treatment. Is always very helpful.  

I think also when families are faced with serious new diagnoses, it's very natural for them to seek information. And so I'm never surprised when a family tells me something they found from talking to a very concerned aunt or grandparent or from something online, right? Or from another family that they've met in the hall or through a parent group online or any of these places. And so just asking those questions about, is this trial really an option for my child? And there are often rules around trials about who's able to even be on the trial. Is it a trial that's available here versus something we might have to travel for? And where does this fit in the sort of menu of options that might be available for my child and their diagnosis? 

Carina (12:04) 
And as a caregiver, it's reassuring to hear you say these things that it's okay to ask if a clinical trial might be a better option for my child. 

Seth (12:15) 
And you said it so beautifully earlier, you were suddenly faced with this need to make very important decisions for your child. And so you want to know that when you're having to make those tough choices, that you know what the options are. And then you put your own knowledge of your own child and your own values together with the person that's taking care of them and the knowledge they have about the disease or the options that are available and try to make a choice together as a team. 

Carina (12:39) 
Yes. 

Clay (12:40) 
And I'm just struck too, as I think about this and hear you all speak that this decision really, really weighs heavily on caregivers. Like, am I making the right choice? How do I know I'm making the right choice? And I'm wondering if you can speak a little bit to that, maybe both of you, actually. 

Carina (13:01) 
Yeah. I think as a caregiver, we don't know all of the information that we don't know. So, it's impossible to make an educated choice about treatments without having this conversation with the experts in the field and without knowing the details about our child's situation because every child is going to be different and the diagnosis may differ, the stage of disease may differ. There's lots of factors, right? So, I think getting that information is one of the first steps to be able to make a decision about a clinical trial versus standard treatment or any medical treatment for our kids. 

Clay (13:48) 
Yeah. Yeah. I hope that it's empowering for people to know that they can have these conversations with their doctor. And with that being the case, I'm curious about, Dr. Karol, your perspective on what you might share to a caregiver who's considering a clinical trial for their child. 

Seth (14:11) 
Yeah, I think I like to sort of frame the conversations I have with families around a clinical trial around the stack of papers we call the consent documents. And so that is a stack of papers that describes what the trial is and then also ultimately asks for permission for the child and the family to participate in that trial. And the reason I like to do that is that stack of papers is really thick, but has a lot of really helpful information in it. And that includes things about the diagnosis the child has. It includes information about the standard treatments that we give and the standard tests that we do for that diagnosis. And then it tells a lot about what's different between the trial and the standard diagnosis. And so I think those are all sort of fundamental or foundational pieces of these conversations that we have around trials. And that really is helping to build the knowledge for the family about what this diagnosis is and how do we usually treat it.  

And then, I've talked a couple times about sort of the choices that we have available to us. And so, it really lays out those differences between the standard treatment, and then the choices or the extra things that are part of the trial. And that lets you understand what we're offering as part of the trial, and also what we're asking of that patient and that family to be part of the trial, meaning what other blood tests we might do, or what other types of other tests we might do to be part of the trial. And, you know, it talks about what we hope to be the benefits of some new treatment if that's part of the trial. Trial, as well as what the risks of those new treatments might be. And so it really helps us build the whole conversation around what being on the trial might look like, but equally importantly, what being not on the trial might look like. And so what life will look like regardless if we're doing any sort of treatment. 

Clay (15:54) 
I love that idea of giving parents all that information upfront so that they know what to expect because caregivers often are in a heightened state of anxiety. Also, their mind may not be working as clearly as it normally would be because of lack of sleep. Stress and all those things. So being able to have all of that clearly laid out, I imagine, would be extremely helpful for a caregiver. 

Carina (16:21) 
Yeah. 

Seth (16:22) 
It really seems to be. And I think the unknown is always so scary. And so we know that these are long journeys and there's always some unknown built in. We don't know what tomorrow will bring or 10 years from now will bring for a child with a serious illness. And yet, if we can lay out at least a little bit of what that might look like that can start to create some routine and start to create some certainty about what might be coming. That might be really helpful to a lot of families. 

Carina (16:48) 
Dr. Karol, can you talk a little bit about if a family signs that consent for a clinical trial, and then they have second thoughts or change their mind. Or if they decided to do the standard treatment and then they wanted to join a clinical trial. What are the things that you would talk to the families about? Are there any important issues to consider in those situations? 

Seth (17:14) 
Absolutely. And so, I'm going to take the second half of that first, actually. So, some of our clinical trials have specific rules around basically who is able to be on the trial. And that can sometimes include things like you may or may not have had prior therapy, or sometimes you have to have had a normal therapy and had it not work before you're able to go on a trial. And so depending on which trials we're talking about, there may be situations where sort of at the beginning, we are choosing between standard therapy and a trial. And if we don't do the trial now, then that trial is probably not appropriate for your child if six months from now, our standard treatment hasn't worked the way we wanted it to. That doesn't mean there aren't other trials that might be options for them. And there certainly are other ways we can change their treatment if things aren't going the way we want it. But the specific trial I may offer on day one may not really be an option six months down the road.  

At the same time, we have families who come on trials and for any of a variety of reasons [they have to come off the trial]. And that can be their child's had a side effect and they no longer want to be part of the trial afterwards. It can be the medicine's not working the way any of us hope, and we all sort of agree that it's not appropriate to keep going. Or it may be that we've asked them to be away from home to be part of the trial for a period of time. And although on day one, they thought they were going to be able to be away from home for six months, that turned out to not be true, that an emergency happened back home after two or three months, or just it became too hard.  

And so the conversation I have on day one and the conversations we have all along the way are, you know, we're going to make a decision today and we're going to sort of go forward with that. And if at any point along the way, it doesn't feel right to you, or I learned something that makes me think it's not right for your child, we're going to sit down and have another conversation just like we're having now, and we'll figure out some other path. And that other path can be like trying to find ways to make it work within the context of whatever our choice was, the trial or standard treatment, or it might be that we need to change courses and that can involve coming off of a trial. Again, because of those rules, it's typical that if you come off a trial, you're not able to go back on afterwards. And so those are true choices and that can still be the right thing to do. But I always like to just help families understand that some of these choices, they do take us down one path or another, at least for a period of time. 

Clay (19:30) 
I love how you talked about, the family situation of possibly relocating and that that's a completely valid consideration. It's not just the science and the statistics and the numbers that families are weighing. It's about all these other pieces of what makes something right or not right for them, including a clinical trial. 

Seth (19:52) 
Absolutely. And we try to make trials have as little burden to families and patients as possible because we want to make it relatively easy to be on the trial. And yet, the real world is there, and things happen outside hospital walls that make it really hard sometimes. And we try to, we will always work with families to make sure that we make sure their kid gets the care they need. 

Carina (20:14) 
And as a caregiver, as a parent, that is very comforting to know that we're not deciding this in a vacuum and that our medical team is behind us and able to support us through these challenges throughout treatment. 

Seth (20:29) 
Absolutely. 

Clay (20:30) 
It really leads us into this other important conversation that I think is probably in the back of every caregiver's mind as they're listening to this, which is safety. Let's talk a little bit about that. 

Carina (20:41) 
Yes, as Clay shared. Safety is a huge concern for parents as they're trying to make the best treatment decision. So how do caregivers know if a clinical trial is safe for their child? 

Seth (20:57) 
Yeah, so I think I always start this answer with we are taking care of kids with serious illnesses. And the medicines that we use often have the possibility of very serious side effects. And so... Nothing, unfortunately, is 100% safe. Our goal, every time we do a trial, every time we give care to any child is to make that care that we're giving, that trial that we're giving as safe for them as possible. And so the ways that trials are developed that try to build in as much safety as possible really start from the beginning, even before the medicine ever hits a human, right? So there's always a lot of sort of research, basic research that's occurring in labs and elsewhere to try to understand medicines before they ever go to a person.  

And then we try to protect kids even more so than adults in the context of trials because kids are more vulnerable than adults. And so most of the trials that we do in children are in medicines or treatments that have already been done in many adults before they reach a child.  

And then as we're developing trials, we are understanding this new medicine, this new treatment, whatever it is. Through not only all that lab research that happened before but through everything that's happened in adults before we as we develop trials they go through a number of layers of extra checks to try to add extra safety and so that includes sort of a scientific review but then a review by a group called the Institutional Review Board or IRB. And their entire job is to ensure that trials are done ethically and safely and they have people like me, meaning clinical researchers. They have people who are in the clinic but not involved in research. They have members of the community who have joined the IRB with the explicit goal of ensuring that everything is done ethically and safely.  

And then many trials also go not just beyond the hospital that's running the trial, but also up to federal regulators at places like the FDA that are also tasked with ensuring that these trials are designed safely. So that's all before the trial ever gets to any patient.  

But then we want to ensure that these new trials or this new trial is also safe once it hits patients. And so not only are those of us running trials watching patients and understanding the safety of the therapies that they're getting, but there are people behind the scenes that are checking on patients continuously—things that don't happen as part of regular care, but they're happening because the patient is on a trial. And that means they'll write down the side effects the patient has. And that can be really important if there's more than one patient on the trial, so that if a patient at another hospital or a patient cared for by another doctor, even at my hospital, has a side effect, I'm going to know about it because that research team is right behind us documenting it all, putting that information in front of the people that are running the trial to make sure that we know about the side effects. And if we see patterns that look worse than our usual care, then we will pause a trial and we will look to understand what that is and help us understand if we need to even modify the trial or stop the trial early because of any safety signals or signs that it's not as safe as we want it to be. 

Clay (24:02) 
It sounds like the big takeaway there is that there's a whole system and team of people behind any clinical trial that are working from beginning, during, and end for the patient's benefit and safety. It's not just on one doctor to decide what happens. It's really trusted to a whole team. 

Seth (24:26) 
That's exactly right. And I feel really lucky to be part of a really large and dedicated team that's designed just to make sure that we do trials well. And it's a critical part of that, that the trials are as safe as we can make them. 

Carina (24:38) 
And as a parent, it is comforting and reassuring to know that all of that work goes on behind the scenes before a trial is even offered to the public, and that the work does not stop once the trial opens, that you are constantly reevaluating those issues. 

Seth (24:58) 
Absolutely right. 

Clay (25:00) 
Seth, can you give us a specific example of a time when one of those background systems, one of those safety mechanisms, something like that kicked in and actually changed something for a patient who was on a trial? 

Seth (25:15) 
Yeah. So there have been a couple trials over the last couple of years that have added a new medicine to sort of our standard treatments. And the hope was that medicine had worked very well in children that had very severe sort of recurrent or resistant leukemia. And we were hoping that we could add that to our other treatment and make the rest of the treatment better. And so these were both randomized trials, and some patients got standard medicine, some patients got standard medicine plus this new treatment.  

And twice, actually, the trials were stopped early. And so you get a letter from the team that says the trial has stopped and your heart sort of goes up into your throat because you're worried that they're stopping for some safety reason, that there's a problem. And then actually in both cases, what happened was the trial was stopped because the patients getting the new treatment were doing so much better than the patients doing the standard treatment that the people sort of behind the scenes in the trial told the trial group, you need to stop because what you need to do is actually give everyone the new treatment. It's not ethical to continue to give some patients the standard treatment because these other patients are doing so much better.  

And so as a researcher, that's just an example of how the people behind the scenes are sort of looking over your shoulder, sometimes even seeing things that you're not able to see because you're a little closer to the action, closer to the patients and are watching to monitor safety. And in this case, it was the safety is not, we shouldn't do the new thing. It's actually, we should definitely do the new thing. We should stop that coin flip because we know which way that the coin is supposed to land. 

Clay (26:48) 
That's such a good example. And it's important for people to hear that. Their child's safety is not going to be jeopardized for the sake of the science. That every step of the way, there are people there thinking, hey, how can we make sure that we're doing right by the children and their health? 

Seth (27:07) 
Exactly. Exactly. What the purpose of all of that is there for is to make sure that we do the trial ethically, appropriately, but then if there's ever a sign that safety is better in one place or the other, then we want to go where that safety is and where that benefit is. 

Carina (27:23) 
And this leads me to another question because it appears to me that these trials can take a long time from beginning to completion, especially when you're dealing with rare diseases. So, when do families learn the results of the trial? And who should they contact to get this information? 

Seth (27:50) 
We try to get information out about trials in a couple different places. And so we certainly do publish the results of trials in sort of medical journals or journals that are spreading the information about trials and new medicines. But then many hospitals also sort of publish in a press release the results of trials that they run. And you can certainly talk to your doctor or your child's doctor about the results of any trial that they were on.  

As you mentioned, there can often be a little bit of a delay. And so they are likely to be done with their treatment before those results are really available. But you can always talk to them when you're coming back to clinic after treatment is over and want to hear the results.  

And then in addition to sort of the journal publication or the press release, many trials have regulations that actually require that the results of the trial be posted on a government website called clinicaltrials.gov. And so that's a website that talks about all the trials that are happening in the country. It's a place where you can find out about trials. But then on the flip side, when trials are over, many of those results actually go on that webpage after a fairly short interval of time. 

Carina (28:56) 
Thank you. 

Clay (28:58) 
Well, my hope is that we've demystified this idea of a clinical trial a little bit. But before we end our conversation today, I'm wondering, is there anything else that you would want families to know about clinical trials? 

Seth (29:16) 
I think the key piece that I would reiterate now that we talked about earlier is just that clinical trials are often one of many options that might be available to a child or to a family. And so just because a doctor or researcher is offering a trial to your child, it doesn't mean that something is wrong, or it doesn't mean that there's something extra or different about your child. It may be just that we think that this is an important option to be able to offer. And it may be an option because we're just trying to make sure that we keep making therapy, we keep making treatments for serious illnesses better and better for children in the future. And trials are indeed part of how we do that. And as they offer you those options, really have a good conversation and understand what is different and why do you think my child might be appropriate for this trial? Because it'll tell you a lot about how that doctor is thinking about your child and sort of what they're worried about and what they hope might be better even than, you know, the family that went through this five years before. 

Clay (30:18) 
Well, thank you both, Seth and Carina, for your time, intention, and information today. And thank you to our listeners. Stay tuned for the second part of this two-part series, where we'll talk about clinical trials from a parent perspective. For information on clinical trials, visit together.stjude.org/clinicaltrials. 

Narrator (30:40) 
Thank you for listening to Caregivers SHARE, a podcast lovingly brought to you by Patient Family-Centered Care and Psychosocial Services at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. 

Please subscribe, leave a comment, and share this podcast with others who may benefit from this support. Visit stjude.org/caregivers-share for show notes and educational links related to each episode. 

This podcast is for informational purposes only and does not render medical advice or professional services. This podcast does not establish a patient relationship between the listener and St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. The opinions expressed belong to the caregivers. Your personal experience may differ. If you have questions about individual health concerns, psychosocial needs, or specific treatment options, please discuss them with your child’s medical team.  

Accuracy and availability of Caregivers SHARE, A St. Jude Podcast transcripts may vary. Transcript text may be revised to correct errors or match updates to audio. Audio on stjude.org may be edited after its original publication. The authoritative record of Caregivers SHARE, A St. Jude Podcast episode content is the audio record.  

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